Probing the Crisis of Regional Connectivity Instigated by the Natural Disasters, Mizoram, India

Mizoram, in eastern Himalayas of India, is educated but thinly populous young state of area 21081sq km with hilly forest cover of (≈90.68%) The major connectivity is by roads of length 8912km (2019) that connects India’s mainland, Myanmar and Bangladesh and about no rail tracks. The state is housed in various folds and faults over Indo-Burmese tectonic zone (Indo Eurasian plate tectonics), and housed adjacent to 95 0 Ridges. The booming craggy state is combatting with its road network progress due to frequent low magnitude tremors, landslides, floods, and heavy rainfalls. The data of earthquakes, landslides, rainfall, and road progress were collected, and analyzed. The connectivity growth is reported tough and challenging within forests, broken relief, frequent ghats roads, and deep gorges, in topography that hinders the progress in pavement growth. Present study focuses on the ameliorative measures of hill road construction in Mizoram by adhering to the IRC: 52-2019, changing modus operandi of national contract bids, amateurish engineering design, procurement policies, bidder’s expertise and commitment for execution. The non-availability menial labours and technocrats have stemmed many legal issues & disputes between the government and the contractors. Faulty planning, engineering design, executant’s approach, procurement policies and the contractor’s skill, contract administration and construction Review Article Mishra et al.; IJECC, 11(5): 39-59, 2021; Article no.IJECC.70811 40 management, road safety challenges, contract documentation, and inability of deployed bidders needs to be improved in Mizoram. To cater the needs of up-gradation/ new constructions, the hurdles warrant cutting edge impulses through EIA, EMP, DPR, amateurish design, and updating procurement policies that should supersede the orthodox practices.


INTRODUCTION
Assessing the risk and its mitigation of the impacts of earth quake (EQ), and landslide hazards are herculean task. The risk of slope failure, subsidence and measures for risk reduction is challenging for the highway engineers, geo-technocrats and decision makers in the hill road connectivity programs. Landslides and earth quake in India are considered as one among earth's lethal disasters. The human activities like deforestation, land use alternations, structural constructions, and road projects in hilly areas are triggering the landslides. Landslides are often activated by anthropogenic activities, quarry formation and power projecst. The Mizoram state is a state among the other 8 states of North Eastern Region (NER), i.e. Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura ( Fig. 1), (Table 1).

Fig. 1. The index map of the Mizoram state with major landslides
The NER has forest cover is 20.72% out of the 7.98% of total geographical area of India. The hilly states in NER like Nagaland, Mizoram, and Arunachal have forest cover >80%. The geographical area of the Mizoram state is 21081Km 2 , and forest cover of 19117Km (90.68%) as per 2011 census. All the eight states of NER are growing since inception from 1986 after attaining state status. Keeping pa with demographic growth they are flourishing like urbanism, road networks, health, and education sectors [1]

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Earthquakes and landslides are frequent in the NER states, and India is ranked 6 th expanse on earth due to shifts along the thrusts, faults and stability failure that has evolved through tectonics, geological, fluvial, and anthropogenic processes Tiwari et al. recurrent seismicity of high and low magnitude in the NER of India and Myanmar (IMR) range caused by collision of Indo-Eurasian tectonics accompanied by subduction due to inter continental collisions [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The NER of India suffers from frequent landslides especially during torrential monsoon rains being triggered by frequent seismic activities, torrential lithology of the area. The landslide zonation map of various districts in Mizoram by GIS studies have been reported for Chhiahtlang in Serchhip district [12], Aizawl [13], Mamit Township [14],

The index map of the Mizoram state with major landslides
The NER has forest cover is 20.72% out of the 7.98% of total geographical area of India. The hilly states in NER like Nagaland, Mizoram, and Arunachal have forest cover >80%.
The geographical area of the Mizoram state is , and forest cover of 19117Km 2 (90.68%) as per 2011 census. All the eight states of NER are growing since inception from 1986 after attaining state status. Keeping pace with demographic growth they are flourishing like urbanism, road networks, health, and education Earthquakes and landslides are frequent in the th most hotspot o shifts along the thrusts, faults and stability failure that has evolved through tectonics, geological, fluvial, and Tiwari et al. [2], The recurrent seismicity of high and low magnitude in the NER of India and Myanmar (IMR) range are Eurasian tectonics accompanied by subduction due to inter -11]. The NER of India suffers from frequent landslides especially during torrential monsoon rains being triggered by activities, torrential rain and . The landslide zonation map of various districts in Mizoram by GIS studies have been reported for Chhiahtlang in Serchhip district [12], Aizawl [13], Mamit Township [14], Kolasib area [15]. The zonation map has helped planners for future development of land slide disrupted areas for the communication network. Land slide has been turned in to disaster in recent past in Mizoram convoyed by subsidence, landslides and rock slide triggered by monsoon heavy rainfall [16,14,17].
Many research studies have been done on the earthquake and landslide prone areas in Mizoram. Fewer studies are available about the ground realities and huddles created during growth of the old road network constructed during pre-independence. The lacunae in fast developing road setups need to be investigated and specify the ameliorating measures in the present frame work of fast Mizoram connectivity program.

WHY MORE LANDSLIDES IN NER, INDIA
The Mizoram states lies adjacent to 95 and well covered by vegetation over hills with steep slopes which covers the subduction zone of Indian and Burmese tectonic zone and near Arakan trench. The area was highly prone to

WHY MORE LANDSLIDES IN NER,
The Mizoram states lies adjacent to 95 0 ridge and well covered by vegetation over hills with subduction zone of Indian and Burmese tectonic zone and near Arakan trench. The area was highly prone to

The History of Earthquakes in Mizoram
The NER of India and the adjoining areas of Myanmar and BD were the 3rd largest hotspot areas in the globe for seismic activity.  In Mizoram the intensity of EQ's are less than 5. Some major seismic activities NER states from 1869 to till date was collected, and causes were identified in NER states and damages caused by them (M-scale >6) are given in Table 4.

Seismic activities in Tripura-Mizoram fold belt
The Bengal Basin is a low seismic zone due to intra plate movement and the folded belt. Tripura is moderately EQ active due to plate boundary activity. The EQ's at Srimangal in 1918 (M=7.

Hills Ranges and rivers in Mizoram
The Mizoram state is housed in hills of Mesozoic era. Mizo Hills are part of the Arakan Mountains, sequence of parallel ridges and river valleys, with N-S trending. The rocks are sandstone, shales and limestone of Cenozoic era formed 2. 6

Land Slide Vulnerable Areas along Hill Roads
The serpentine hill roads of NER states are susceptible to landslides. The reasons are the active tectonics, fragile geology, heavy monsoon rainfall, critical slopes, high relief, and more infrastructural development after Mizoram got state status from 1987. The connective roads are running through landscape of common topography ≥25% slope along the hill bypass through bends and curves. The ridges subduction zone, and under inter field of IAP, (Indo-Australian plate) ( Fig  Fig. 5(b)).

Land Slide Vulnerable Areas along
The serpentine hill roads of NER states are susceptible to landslides. The reasons are the active tectonics, fragile geology, heavy monsoon all, critical slopes, high relief, and more infrastructural development after Mizoram got state status from 1987. The connective roads are running through landscape of common ≥25% slope along the hill bypass through bends and curves. The ridges are in subduction zone, and under inter-plate stress Australian plate) (

Why Landslides Transpire
Landslides happen when a mass of rock, debris or earth moves down a slope which can be translational or rotational (spreads or flows). The initiating causes are lithology, limnology and stratification of the area along with past histories of earth quake, continuous rain or anthropogenic interventions to slopes. The slope, weathering, erosion, vegetative cover, under cuttings also plays vital role. The cloud bursts, floods, mining, dam failure, and roads or building constructions, that changes the land cover can also invites landslides.

Landslide affected Roads networks
It is high time to segregate the landslide zoning at national level, regional or state level, locally, and site specific to have better plan for connectivity across the hills supplemented by various maps of different scales such as landslide inventory map, susceptibility map, hazard, and risk maps; along with reports framed from time to time for better design of road/railway and infrastructural development. One such immediate highly identified vulnerable road is from Aizawl airport to the township, Fig. 4(b) and Table 6).

Hill roads vulnerable areas to land slide
Most of the hill roads in Mizoram are plying through landscape topography ≥25% slope. These hill highways (NH or SH) having a longitudinal cross slope ≥25%, are found at the bypasses through bends and curves. Aizawl is centrally located and the focused entry/exit point. It is the heart of the roadways network of the state. All the connecting NH, SH and arterial roads in Aizawl are susceptible to landslides and in hazard zone [40].

Future EQ in NER states
Dr. Roger Bilham, eminent of Colorado University, has delivered in a workshop "EQ Risk Mitigation Strategy Asom" that the Himalayan region have ruptured in ensuing EQ's (Mw<7.8). He has foreseen the NE Himalayan region shall face a major catastrophe by rupturing with high magnitude EQ's (Mw>8.2). Similarly, Dr. Gupta, NGRI, Hyderabad has predicted the EQ in Indo-Myanmar border to continue 21 0 N to 25.5 0 N lat., and 93 0 E to 96 0 E in NER, India of magnitude (Mw> ± 8) considering the periods of earthquake swarm and quiescence, https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/EQ%20North%20E ast.pdf,, Srivastab et al. [28], Agarwal [41], have reported that there is prediction of frequent EQ's of small magnitude in the Mizoram as high magnitude EQ's generally follows numerous small ones. The numbers of earth quake activities shall alter the stratigraphy of the area.

Roads affected by landslide in India
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) has prescribed guiding principle on landslides prone areas are provision of open weep holes, construct water harvesting structures, more afforestation by native faunal species, immediate repair of rain cuts, displays by sign boards and indicate signals to sharp, reverse and pin bends for easy drive and safety of the hilly road users,.https:// vikaspedia.in/social welfare/disaster-management-1/natural disasters/landslides At present sensor-based landslide pre arrangements have been introduced in the vulnerable hill roads immediately. The guidelines of National Landslide Risk Mitigation Project (NLRMP) of the Planning Commission, India and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) are followed. Application of GIS/RS is introduced by GoM for preparation of data base

Fig. 6. (a) & (b). Planning for a road section one lane and two lane roads with all control lines
, Srivastab et al. [28], Agarwal [41], have reported that there is prediction of frequent EQ's of small magnitude in the Mizoram as high follows numerous small ones. The numbers of earth quake activities shall alter the stratigraphy of the area.

Roads affected by landslide in India
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) has prescribed guiding principle on landslides are provision of open weep holes, construct water harvesting structures, more afforestation by native faunal species, immediate repair of rain cuts, displays by sign boards and indicate signals to sharp, reverse and pin bends the hilly road https:// vikaspedia.in/social-1/naturalbased landslide pre-warning arrangements have been introduced in the vulnerable hill roads immediately. The guidelines of National Landslide Risk Mitigation Project (NLRMP) of the Planning Commission, India and gement Authority (NDMA) are followed. Application of GIS/RS is introduced by GoM for preparation of data base and is being implemented adhering to the landslide zonation map. The use of the alteration of the land use and land cover of the terrains and the hill slopes and its stability should be investigated and necessary action to be taken to reduce the future losses.

Survey and investigation of hill roads in Mizoram
Mizoram state has to plan for road infrastructure to cater needs of 212241 numbers (MSDMA report 2020 [42]) The survey of roads requires the horizontal and vertical (line and grade) layout for each strategic areas. Modern methodology in road planning applied in India is the approval of the environmental impact assessment (EIA), Environment management plan (EMP), and administrative approval (AA) from the competent authority apriori. The National Highway authority of India should focus on proper highway alignment through a hilly terrain emphasizing the stability of slopes, the potential landslide prone areas before heading to construction phase. These potential areas shall involve where huge amount of cutting, filling, quarrying and debris disposal. They are indispensable as they affect the natural stable slope.

Planning for a road section one lane and two lane roads with all control lines
; Article no. IJECC.70811 and is being implemented adhering to the landslide zonation map. The use of the alteration of the land use and land cover of the terrains and hill slopes and its stability should be investigated and necessary action to be taken to

Survey and investigation of hill roads in
Mizoram state has to plan for road infrastructure to cater needs of 212241 numbers of vehicles [42]) The survey of roads requires the horizontal and vertical (line and grade) layout for each strategic areas. Modern methodology in road planning applied in India is the approval of the environmental impact IA), Environment management plan (EMP), and administrative approval (AA) from the competent authority apriori. The National Highway authority of India should focus on proper highway alignment through a hilly emphasizing the stability of slopes, the potential landslide prone areas before heading to construction phase. These potential areas shall involve where huge amount of cutting, filling, quarrying and debris disposal. They are indispensable as they affect the natural stable

Aerial Reconnaissance
During planning, stress should be imposed on aerial reconnaissance surveys like LIDAR, drone surveying, GIS/RS applications in field of survey rather than traditional surveying methods. If required the help of aerial photography, Digital Global Positioning System (DGPS)/ Ground penetrating radar (GPR), Theodolites, binoculars, total stations can be used for survey of roads undertaken for upgrading/ new constructions. The strategic planning should be done as per the high scaled contoured 1:1000 or 1:2000 for smart grid transport network indicating marsh land, road or river crossing, mines, religious arena, HT lines, towns, cities, and all the vulnerable points. The survey of existing road network (NH/SH) whose renovation or upgradation are to be taken up with ground trotting, change in alignment avoiding the most vulnerable zones like hair pin bends, S-curves, steep slopes, old dilapidated bridges and slope protection measures indicating possible alternate routes, structures and control points ( Fig. 6 (a) & (b)).

The People and the Terrain
The Mizoram is the major road connectivity between Myanmar, Bangladesh, and mainland of India. The road network runs through the hill roads are often short straights, alternating hills and valleys with sharp bends, narrow, zigzag, snaky and with steep slopes at numerous locations. These factors cause the road engineering in the state a herculean task.
Mizoram is one among the heavy rain fed area (Av rainfall 2550mm) essentially need adequate drainage on the hill slope side. The sedimentary rock formations in the sand-loamy or clay-loamy overburden provide less bonding and the sedimentary rocks of Neogene or Tipam. Formations (lime stones/ sand stones are less monolithic are susceptible for landslide.

Maintaining Superior geometric standards
The road network of per and post independent period was as per old engineering geometric practices during World War II. Those were lacking adequate/perfect engineering techniques, improper planning, lack of geo-technological investigations, and study of geohydrology. Present expansion/ new alignment should adhere to proper ruling gradient within optimum length, minimizing/ avoiding hairpin bends, steep gradient, and unnecessary topography rises/falls, unsound sub-soil, land slide/erosion of hillslope etc.. The locations with improper geotechnical  The rainfall and climate change also alters the hydrology/ geohydrology of the area. They must be attended through proper drainage network. The superior geometric standard, and design parameters such CBR-value, K-value and SBC value must be considered during planning and design. The design criterion as per IRC: 52 the terrain classification are plains (0 (7 0 -14 0 ), mountainous (14 0 -31 (>31 0 ) to the horizontal must be taken in to accounts. As a sample the road base width assigned for 2-lane roads in hills area as per IRC:52-2019 [43] are: ( Table 7 and Table 8) are:

Additional needs
Additional right of way for proper sight distance extra land for future development, rain cuts, high fills, unstable and landslide locations; parapet (o.6m width extra) on valley side if retaining wall/ Fig. 7(a) & Fig. 7 (b). Roads along the hilly areas in high altitude and sharp bends (IRC: 52 2019) Fig. 7(c) : Construction of retaining walls at vulnerable points of the hill slope (IRC:52 of landscape origin or subsoil strata must be moderated through structural solutions. The rainfall and climate change also alters the hydrology/ geohydrology of the area. They must be attended through proper drainage network.
rd, and design value and SBCvalue must be considered during planning and IRC: 52-2019, the terrain classification are plains (0-7 0 ), rolling 31 0 ), and steep ) to the horizontal must be taken in to accounts. As a sample the road base width lane roads in hills area as per [43] are: ( Table 7 and Table 8

Conditions
Super elevation is not needed when the radii of camber in meter is 2% for design speeds30, 35, 40, 45kmph are 200, 270, 350 and 550 respectively (IRC-52 2019 p-28). In case blind curves (where sight distance < stopping distance) benching or vision curves a

Renovations in old existing network
The sections which has become critically deteriorated and continuously causing disruption in traffic flow needs to be attended by opting old slope protection measures by Footing. Super elevation is not needed when the radii of camber in meter is 2% for design speeds30, 35, 40, 45kmph are 200, 270, 350 and 550 28). In case blind curves (where sight distance < stopping distance) benching or vision curves are provided.

vations in old existing network
The sections which has become critically deteriorated and continuously causing disruption in traffic flow needs to be attended by opting old Skirted Strip [45], Ghosh et al. [46].

Roads along the hilly areas in high altitude and sharp bends (IRC: 52-Construction of retaining walls at vulnerable points of the hill slope (IRC:52-
The vertical skirt is constructed adjacent to the footing base that confines the underlain soil by generating skirt side soil which prevents the sliding of the mass retained. The old existing roads of World War II period have been damaged or not adequate to accommodate the present traffic volume. The renovation, alternate, upgradation or new roads are required to house the increased traffic. All types of roads in Mizoram demand renovation or alternate routes along with new connectivity (Fig. 7 (a), Fig. 7(b) and Fig. 7(c)).

DISCUSSION
The Mizo's are modernized, educationally updated, urban centric. So there is horizontal space constraint in towns. There is nonavailability of appropriate modern building development code for construction, transport, electricity, water supply, health care for a state over hills, and their management, Mazumdar K 2011 [47]. Central Mizoram is the foci of all emanating rivers and the most hazardous zone for land slide. There is recurrent road communication distraction as an impact of land slide and torrential rainfall. The land use and land cover map helped in zoning of the land slide prone areas and it is observed that the urban development along with infrastructural communication network.  [48]). Paucity of work force, middle management and contractors are main hindrances in the road sector in Mizoram. During construction key construction plants and equipment to work in steep gradient with high execution risks, and limited work space are common issues. Additional constraints for procurement of men, materials and machineries from other states with problem of land acquisition, quarry sources, and quality stones, long lead time for quarrying, work encumbrances, interferences and land ownership are the main issues in roads under progress. The construction period overruns due to high cost involvement, contractor's unpreparedness and less machineries, faulty reconssiance survey, detailed site investigation, and old engineering design adds to the delay in the sector.

Engineering Strategies for Old Roads
During renovation, repair and maintenance of roads, the technocrats should vigilant about the foundation, adequate drainage, elasticity of pavement, pot holes, rain cuts, shoulder repair, filling, clearances, hill side drains, choked culverts, landslide debris depositions. The drains, side parapet walls and retaining walls need to be repaired regularly and promptly. Stability to the cut slopes must be provided with proper structure or cutting during construction phase. The excessive blasting should be avoided in the area which may loosen the rock and cause threat to the ecosystem. Vision berms and obligatory points are to be provided with signals as per site requirement. Crossing of hill ridges or hills, tunnels can be an alternate choice if possible, http://www.arunachalpwd.org/pdf/Section (Section 14 -Special requirement for Hill road). The IS codes and IRC specifications such as provisions of IRC: SP: 48-1998, IRC:52-2001, IRC:52 -2019 are to be strictly followed. Under unavoidable situation the hair pin bends are to be provided with circular round with adequate transitions. Non-availability of separate lanes should be adjusted by separate climbing lanes with road marking and signals for the entire reach. Provisions of possible minimum haul/ diversion roads are to be constructed and maintained prioritizing existing Haul roads. During renovation or improvement of the existing roads, there is necessity of relocation, renovation of old structures that disrupts the traffic flow. Minimum 6.0m wide diversion roads with minimum subbase (GSB gr-1= 100mm thick), cement treated Base course (CTB = 150mm thick), mixed sealed surface as wearing coat (MSS = 20mm thick) with proper shouldering are to be provided for continuance of the connectivity in a 2-Lane diversion with regular water sprinkling to avoid dust [49].

Engineering Strategies for New Constructions
During new constructions, the first option is preservation of top soil after excavation for reuse to avoid extra cost. They can be used for enriching nearby embankment slopes for turfing and erosion protective measures or filling up the supporting borrow areas. They are to be earmarked prior. Ecologically sensitive areas need to be cleared. Before alignment, the extent of excavated areas is to be demarcated and indicated through signboards for knowledge of personal areas, or grazing zone. The pre identified magazine area need to be in a distant safe area (Fig. 8).
Material, specifically the aggregates should be sourced carried by spillage proof containers from approved quarries as per contract clauses. Occupational safety of the workers of the area must be maintained during quarrying process and regular inspection shall be carried out [50].

Inferences
The low population density, increased literacy, agrarian community, mobility, modernization and surged possession of motorized vehicles have demanded to augment its road network in a small but resourceful state like Mizoram. The road construction in Mizoram is complex. Previously it was mostly vulnerable to early deterioration by natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall, flash floods, landslides, etc. but now anthropogenic interventions to nature has increased the complexity. to be cleared. Before alignment, the extent of excavated areas is to be demarcated and indicated through signboards for knowledge of personal areas, or grazing zone. The preidentified magazine area need to be in a distant pecifically the aggregates should be sourced carried by spillage proof containers from approved quarries as per contract clauses. Occupational safety of the workers of the area must be maintained during quarrying process ried out [50].
The low population density, increased literacy, agrarian community, mobility, modernization and surged possession of motorized vehicles have demanded to augment its road network in a small but resourceful state like Mizoram. The road m is complex. Previously it was mostly vulnerable to early deterioration by natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall, flash but now anthropogenic interventions to nature has increased the workmen can contribute faster to withstand against the natural adversities and provide an optimized solution by using modern technologies, guidelines, research and model studies, field survey etc. The judged solution to the problems is to preserve old roads by renovation/upgradation to horizontal and Mishra et al. [51].
Mizoram Road Projects have brewed numerous incongruities between the executant, designer and the executor. This has connoted great snag ration and work accomplishments during the construction phase.
The land acquisition (LA), non approved drawings, have increased time over run resulting delaying the payment modalities by non-sanctioning of extension of time (EOT), deviations and project cost overruns.
The planning and designing stage urges for accurate traffic study (volume and quality), efficient engineering design. The environmental impact assessment (EIA), environment management plan (EMP), faulty engineering design, and alignment, trade-off between funding sources, time, cost, quality and contracting norms should be organized before execution phase.
Realistic surveys, planning, design estimates, and preparation of bids are essential. Failing to adhere shall hinder the work progress at site and put heavy losses to the contractor and the government incorporating delay and cost overrun of the project.
The study also revealed that in hills region the road condition has deteriorated and degrading continuously after the completion of the roads due to small magnitude tremors, frequent landslides and anthropogenic interventions.
The structural failure to existing road network in Mizoram state are due to nonexistence of drainage structure and slope protective measures like retaining wall, parapet wall, breast wall, culverts and drains etc.. The construction phase demands adequate supply of water, consumables, experienced work force, and construction materials. Measures must be taken for adequate drainage, hill slope protection retrofitting land slide zones and preparedness for unprecedented rains, tremors and landslides.
The breakdown structure of the physical progress, financial progress and budgetary ; Article no.IJECC.70811

J. Nayak, BBSR)
The land acquisition (LA), non-receipt of approved drawings, have increased time over run resulting delaying the payment modalities by sanctioning of extension of time (EOT), project cost overruns.
The planning and designing stage urges for accurate traffic study (volume and quality), efficient engineering design. The environmental impact assessment (EIA), environment management plan (EMP), faulty engineering off between funding sources, time, cost, quality and contracting norms should be organized before execution Realistic surveys, planning, design estimates, and preparation of bids are essential. Failing to progress at site and put heavy losses to the contractor and the government incorporating delay and cost overrun The study also revealed that in hills region the road condition has deteriorated and degrading ion of the roads due to small magnitude tremors, frequent landslides and anthropogenic interventions.
The structural failure to existing road network in Mizoram state are due to nonexistence of drainage structure and slope protective ing wall, parapet wall, breast The construction phase demands adequate supply of water, key consumables, experienced work force, and construction materials. Measures must be taken for adequate drainage, hill slope protection, retrofitting land slide zones and preparedness for unprecedented rains, tremors and landslides.
The breakdown structure of the physical progress, financial progress and budgetary allocation must be synchronized. There is lag between the demand through bills and payment. There is also delay in release of funds by the departments due to non-submission of utilization certificate by the departments.
There is acute shortage of local workforce in the level of marginal labours and even contractors from the state in road sector. That allures the inland farms and agencies to pour into the state and engage themselves as a part to their development but ignorant about the federal law, climate, soil, drainages, geology, hydrogeology of the state. In housing sectors they can adopt but the steep valleys are the strategic locations where they fail. Lacks of skilled engineers, improper survey, poor design and low quality men, materials and machinery, have spoiled the project's progress. COVID-19 has stopped the work progress through shut downs, migrations and curfews.
The base line survey should not be neglect the nature and biodiversity. The various factors to be considered are the physiography, soil and its erosion, landslide, slope and its stability, land use, land cover, soil productivity, flora, fauna, avifauna, surface and underground water, mines, human use values, culture, and updated population of 1.309lakhs in 2020.
After completion of the road project, there is necessity for road safety by providing cautionary and informatory Signals, marking pavement, glow markers on roadside trees, protective structures for pedestrians and traffic, and intermittent gates for the safety of flow of traffic.

CONCLUSION
The Mizoram state is climatologically vulnerable to meteorologically extremes, challenging unsecured landscapes, sloped topography, prone to low magnitude EQ's, mountains, and river gorges. Though. Mizoram is affected by frequent low magnitude EQ's and affected by landslides.
These regions are sporadically settled where basic livelihood and infrastructural amenities are not accessible as in plain terrain. Conclusively, to ameliorate the communication teething troubles, robust, unwavering, established, and feasible roads is of utmost demand of the Mizo's. Those hilly terrains are flourishing under complete infrastructural growth of the Mizo's but their mobility are under chains due less progress in land connectivity.