International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Climate change is anticipated to have significant adverse effects on both human and animal health. Changes in temperature of the air, precipitation, relative humidity, frequency and the intensity of extreme events are among the environmental factors that can directly or indirectly affect the health of the animal. A wide range of animal species can act as pollution indicators which includes farm and domestic animals. Animals act according to physiological patterns of behavioural changes in response to changing climate and environmental pollutants. Environmental pollutants represent negative stimuli and stressors. Among environmental pollutants air pollution can contaminate all surfaces and poses a significant threat to the environment and all living things. In addition, water pollution also poses a significant environmental issue caused by various human activities and natural sources such as soil erosion, mineral leaching from rocks, and organic matter decay. Exposure to certain pollutants can affect the behavioural changes in animals and humans, such as causing disorientation, difficulty connecting with others, reproductive, digestive and respiratory difficulties. Data on behavioural changes in animals following brief or prolonged exposure to different environmental contaminants have been collected from a number of studies for this review. The focus is to understand the effects of environmental pollutants and stressors on haematological parameters and immune system of animals that affects the productivity, reproduction and normal health of the animals.