International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

This review examines the potential, challenges, and sustainability implications of Rupchand (Piaractus brachypomus) farming in India. Aquaculture is central to India’s food and nutritional security and plays a significant role in rural livelihoods. Among various diversification candidates, the red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus; “Rupchand”) has emerged as a promising species due to its rapid growth, omnivorous feeding habits, and resilience across diverse culture systems. The study synthesizes evidence from published studies, farmer surveys, and case studies across Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and West Bengal to provide a comprehensive overview of pacu’s economic potential. Evidence indicates strong farmer uptake, shorter culture cycles (≈6 months to market size in semi-intensive polyculture), and favorable economics. The seed production industry has grown substantially, particularly in West Bengal, yet challenges such as supply consistency, standardized grow-out practices, and health management persist. This review synthesizes evidence from published studies, farmer surveys, and case studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of pacu’s suitability for aquaculture diversification. Priorities for future development include selective breeding, feed optimization with a focus on plant proteins, and widespread adoption of best-management practices. In conclusion, this review provides critical insights to guide policymakers, researchers, and farmers towards responsible and sustainable adoption of pacu aquaculture in India.