International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Agriculture in India is shaped by the country’s diverse geography and climatic conditions, which govern regional cropping systems and crop choices. From the irrigated rice-wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains to millet-based cultivation in the arid Deccan plateau, farmers’ practices show centuries of adaptation to local ecological conditions. Circumstances of climate change become more drastic with rising temperature, uneven rainfall and alteration in its pattern, and sudden calamitic events. This review synthesizes evidence on how regional geography and climate govern cropping patterns and how climate change has altered productivity, cropping intensity, and resource use across India’s agro-climatic zones. Metrics such as yield variability, water and carbon footprints, and remote-sensing indicators provide critical insights into these changes. This review states the mitigation and adaptation strategies by using crop diversification, climate resistant variety, water use efficiency, and the integration of modern tools with traditional knowledge for all intercultural activities. Policy frameworks like the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture and emerging tools such as digital agriculture and climate forecasting are discussed as pathways toward building resilience. The findings from academic studies researched through various platforms emphasize that sustainable agricultural futures in India require region-specific, climate-informed approaches that align ecological conditions with farmer livelihoods.